中国全球唯一的特高压,印度也要搞出来了? || 假的!

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#1 中国全球唯一的特高压,印度也要搞出来了? || 假的!

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南亚研究通讯 08-18
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本文共4899字 阅读预计11分钟 原文链接 https://weibo.com/ttarticle/p/show?id=2 ... 9444647142

作者 | 正解局

图源:“正解局”微信公众号

前段时间,突然有消息说:

印度人自己造出了1200千伏特高压(UHV)交流变压器,而且开始投入运营。

大家都知道,中国是全世界唯一实现特高压输电技术商业化运营的国家。

现在,印度也来了?

印度人自己真搞出了特高压技术?

相关媒体的报道

一、可惜不是真的

​这个事,印度媒体一片欢腾,尤其是在社交媒体上,印度人更是喜气洋洋,一度冲上推特印度区热搜。

甚至,有人还专门强调“(印度的)这种技术,连美国都没有。”

而现在,印度跻身全球特高压精英行列。

图源:“正解局”微信公众号

但印象中,印度的电力系统,不还是这样的吗:

图源:“正解局”微信公众号

图中的电线,很多都是为了“偷电”而私接的。

现在,印度输电技术怎么一下突飞猛进了?

戏剧性的一幕,快速上演。

7月29日,BHEL自己给孟买证券交易所和印度国家证券交易所发了一份澄清函,上面白纸黑字写着:

近期网上流传的“成功研发1200千伏变压器”新闻,实际上是2011年5月完成测试、2012年1月安装在中央邦比纳国家试验站的那台333MVA、1150千伏的老设备——相关新闻已是十多年前的旧闻。

印度媒体的乌龙事件,映照出其民众对特高压技术最真实的期待,也揭开过往14年中,印度在特高压技术上缺少突破的事实。

二、印度,的确很想要特高压

这里要插点背景知识。

一般来说,输电电压分高压、超高压和特高压。国际上:

高压(HV)通常指35—220千伏的电压;

超高压(EHV)通常指330千伏及以上、1000千伏以下的电压;

特高压(UHV)指1000千伏及以上的电压。

图源:“正解局”微信公众号

特高压电网最大的特点是大容量、远距离输电,且占地少,线损小,联网能力强。

从客观实际来看,印度的确有特高压的需求。

首先是人口密度极大。

印度国土约298万平方公里,2025年底人口约14.6亿,人口密度约每平方公里480人,是中国的3倍多。

而这些人口,在广袤的印度次大陆上分布得极不均衡,高度集中在“恒河—印度河平原”这片占国家总面积43%的土地上。

在首都德里特区,人口密度达到惊人的每平方公里16000人以上。

人挤人的地方,往往也是工厂连片的地方。

马哈拉施特拉邦、古吉拉特邦、泰米尔纳德邦——这三个西部和南部的工业化邦,合计约占印度全国用电量的三分之一。

图源:“正解局”微信公众号

如此大的用电需求,印度如何解决?

75%靠烧煤。

印度的煤炭储量,约87%都集中在奥里萨邦、贾坎德邦、恰蒂斯加尔邦、西孟加拉邦和中央邦这五个中东部邦,与人口聚集区隔着整个次大陆。

要命的是,印度的煤普遍灰分高、热值低,即便每年产出10亿吨,还要从印尼、南非、俄罗斯、美国进口约2.5亿吨,结果发电厂却依然不够烧,2026年7月的储备只够使用约12天。

解决电能紧缺,尤其是,供需地理错位的问题,印度急需特高压。

​三、印度特色的搞技术

然而印度想要快速拥有特高压,却没有那么多时间用来慢慢学习、内化、实验。

但印度自有办法:先把国外企业引进来。

2010年代起,多家中国特高压企业进入印度市场。

其中,就有一家和印度本地企业合资建厂,投入巨资在印度建立765千伏变压器生产线,并分批将印度工程师送往中国总部培训。

从线圈绕制、绝缘油检测,一路教到整机制造。

特变电工也在印度投资建设输变电高端装备产业园,帮它实现了765千伏等级产品的本地化生产。

图源:“正解局”微信公众号

与中国合作的同时,印度还与瑞士跨国电力巨头ABB合作研发特高压设备。

早期印度在中央邦比纳1200千伏特高压交流试验站的关键设备中,变压器由BHEL与ABB共同提供,断路器由ABB瑞士与印度工程师联合开发、在巴罗达工厂生产。

图源:“正解局”微信公众号

可以说,印度早期特高压的核心设备与关键技术,相当部分来自国外企业。

这原本是正常的商业合作,外企出技术、出设备、出培训,印方出人员、出市场。

但故事的后半段,一片祥和的画风,突然急转直下。

在印度推行电力设备国产化政策、2020年《第4号公共采购令》等限制措施的大环境下,部分中企在印经营逐渐陷入困境。

上面说的那家公司在连年亏损,最终在2025年以1.37亿元价格,将印度子公司90%股权转让给原合资方阿特兰塔电气,黯然离场。

中国企业培养的印度技术团队,和留下的生产体系,变成了印度本土特高压的一部分。

而曾与印度合作密切的ABB公司,也是在2020年后就不再以技术主导方身份出现在项目里。

后来,印度电力部长公开说:“外资已经把特高压技术教给了印度,现在该‘印度制造’上场了。”

这的确很有印度特色。

​四、印度特高压,靠不靠谱

特高压技术,也曾是发达国家技术竞赛的重点项目。

但同时,它也是个特吃“国运”的技术,许多发达国家,就是因为国运的变化,而失去了使用特高压的前提。

率先折戟的是美国。

早在1970年代,美国就曾在俄亥俄州建成特高压试验站,规划甚为宏伟。

然而,紧接着的石油危机重创美国经济,美国的电力需求突然就放缓了,特高压项目也随之冻结。

图源:“正解局”微信公众号

随后是苏联。

它是唯一真正建成并投运特高压的国家。

1985年,苏联的“埃基巴斯图兹—库斯坦奈”的1150千伏特高压交流线路投入运行,全长约900公里。

这条线路的建设初衷,就是把中亚的煤电,送到欧洲的几个工业中心

因为有需求,这条线路满压运行了好几年,也在技术层面摸到了行业的顶峰。

但悲催的是,1991年苏联解体,这套耗资巨大的特高压基建,也被彻底闲置。

再看日本。

作为国土仅38万平方公里的岛国,日本对特高压的需求相比其他发达国家相对较弱。

然而为了缓解东京湾负荷中心的用电紧张,日本还是在1992年和1999年建成两条同塔双回1000千伏线路,总长427公里。

但很快,两个巨大的“黑天鹅”事件,就陆续登陆日本,将特高压技术狠狠压制。

一是20世纪90年代日本泡沫经济破灭,叠加1997年亚洲金融危机的冲击,日本经济出现负增长,原本规划的大规模核电群项目未付诸实施,已建成的特高压线路自此一直降压至500千伏运行。

二是2011年福岛第一核电站严重核事故。事故后日本54台核电机组逐步全部停机,特高压也就失去了原本要输送的“货源”。

图源:“正解局”微信公众号

而对同样投入研究的意大利来说,放弃特高压,是因为研发投入太高,需求又太小,不划算。

它虽然也将技术推到试验阶段,但最终却因经济测算不过关,在世纪之交选择了放弃。

平心而论,印度在特高压的研发上,没少花力气。

从2007年前后,印度电网公司和中央电力研究院、中央电力局,以公私合作模式启动“1200千伏国家试验站”计划起,印度召集35家本土设备商,并与ABB、保变电气等企业合作研发,是印度电力工业史上最大规模的一次“集体攻关”。

它们能在2012年做出实验样机,速度真的不算慢。

因为苏联从500千伏到765千伏用了12年;中国1980年代开始攻关超高压,到2009年建成首条1000千伏特高压交流工程,前后用了29年。

但印度的“快”,与它至今无法商业化的事实,也互为因果。

比如,就连特高压所需的高端取向硅钢,印度本土自给率不足10%,近90%依赖从中、日、韩、俄进口。

从铁芯损耗控制这一核心指标看,印度自产硅钢铁损值仍在1.26-2.2W/kg区间,而中国高端产品已可压到0.9W/kg以下,代差明显。

​五、还是得留一手

可以肯定,印度和中国相比,相差还不是一点半点。

我们国家幅员辽阔,东南用电紧缺,西北电能充足,远途输电就成为一种刚需。

因此我们的高压输电技术,不仅要让电能跨越百里,更要安全穿越3000-5000公里的山河湖海。

以新疆昌吉到安徽宣城的±1100千伏特高压直流工程为例,线路全长3293公里,线路途经新疆、甘肃、宁夏、陕西、河南、安徽6省区,不仅距离远,还要受得住各种极端天气和突发事件,已经顺利服役近7年。

这类线路的稳定运行,让我国成为世界首个具备3000至5000公里范围内输送千万千瓦级电能能力的国家。

截至2025年底,中国已建成投运“24直22交”的46项特高压工程,线路总长度超6.2万公里,相当于绕地球赤道一周半;“西电东送”输电能力达到3.4亿千瓦,2025年全年完成跨省跨区输送电量超3万亿千瓦时。

图源:“正解局”微信公众号

但是,要知道,我们的高压输电网络,其电压也不是一下子升到“交流1000千伏、直流±800千伏”这一门槛的。

现在,就让我们稍微回溯几个画面,看看当年我们的技术工作者是如何孵化特高压技术的:

2003年,宝钢专门成立硅钢项目领导小组,整个团队成员,一周工作7天、每天14小时以上,没有节假日、没有星期天,在长达数年的时间里做了千余次实验。
为了抢时间,宝钢先后投入了9000多吨试验用钢,仅前工序验证就进行了100多轮试验。实验人员经常为获取一个准确的轧制温度,戴着护目镜蹲守一整夜。
中国电力科学研究院的数百名工程师们,还搭建了世界最复杂的电网仿真模型,处理了海量的运行数据,确保在雷击、冰灾甚至全网崩溃的极限情况下,特高压电网依然能保持稳定运行。

图源:“正解局”微信公众号

而特高压技术作为一种隐性收益极大的知识产权,它的创造者,有权保护技术不为外界窃取和使用。

换言之,谁投入了几十年的技术沉淀,谁就天然拥有对这一技术成果的排他性权利。

这不是特权,而是国际知识产权体系运行的底层逻辑,也是世界各国保护自己的尖端技术的通行法则。

几乎所有发达国家,都在自己擅长的领域搭建了极高的技术壁垒,配套的政策工具是一整套组合拳。

美国打出的是“立法补贴+出口许可”组合拳。

2022年8月,拜登签署《芯片与科学法案》,拨款527亿美元补贴本土芯片制造,但附加“护栏”条款——禁止获补贴实体10年内于中国、俄罗斯、伊朗、朝鲜等“受关注国家”实质性扩大先进半导体制造能力,并限制其与受关注外国实体开展联合研究或技术许可工作。

这是美国首次将“拿补贴”与“技术不外流”直接绑定。

此后,美国商务部工业与安全局(BIS)基于《出口管制条例》(EAR)和《商业管制清单》(CCL)不断推出新的管制规则,也是在此基础上层层加码。

目前全球唯一能生产浸润式光刻机的荷兰,也有自己的“出口许可证制度”,其本土半导体企业在出口前,必须向政府申请出口许可证,政府批准才能出口。

光刻机巨头阿斯麦(ASML),如果想向其他国家出口浸润式光刻机,就必须申请许可证。

在材料与设备领域颇有建树的日本,通过修订《外汇及外国贸易法》,分多轮将尖端半导体制造设备及相关材料纳入出口管制清单。

其中2023年7月生效的第一轮管制,将清洗、薄膜沉积、光刻、刻蚀等领域的23个品类先进半导体制造设备列入清单,除42个“友好国家和地区”之外,向其他地区出口时,均要向日本经济产业省提交许可申请。

三国套路不同,但逻辑一致:用国内立法、出口许可、逐单审批这些政策工具,把尖端技术向外国转移的可能尽可能抹杀掉。

中国技术人员正在清洗特高压设备 图源:“正解局”微信公众号

所以,对于印度发展特高压的野心,我们不得不重视。

而且,印度搞技术的路子一向比较野。

2019年,美国计算机科学公司(CSC)就指控印度塔塔咨询服务公司(TCS)利用Transamerica项目的合作权限,获取其保险软件的内部结构信息并据此开发竞争性平台。

为此得克萨斯州北区联邦地区法院判决TCS盗用商业秘密,截至2026年6月,TCS已为这起官司累计计提约2.2亿美元法律拨备。

这种“偷师学艺”的手段,被印度用过多次。

在今年7月,印度在“去中国化”政策实施多年后,忽然允许几家中国头部电气企业参与印度政府招标。

背后,恐怕别有用心。

印度越是敞开怀抱,我们越要提高警惕。

图源:“正解局”微信公众号

中国的特高压,现在独步世界,靠的是万吨试验钢、千万次实验、数万参与者、几十年数据积累……

每一套设备的绝缘设计,都经过高原、湿热、高寒等极端环境反复验证;每一座换流站的控制系统,都在模拟电网扰动中锤炼出毫秒级响应能力。

这种扎实的工程积淀,短期模仿或技术拼凑,几乎没法做到。

更何况,特高压不仅是硬件堆砌,更是标准、运维与生态的综合体系——这些隐性知识,恰恰最难“偷师”。

但是,我们对于外界的觊觎,要抱着十二分警惕。

特别是,少数企业更不可为眼前、一时之利,把核心技术泄露给外人。

= B777 。 祛魅语料库首席技师;《世界战国军事简史》首席编辑。
官方拥有三个指数:射墙的扶墙指数 :roll: 、京人的受惊指数 :cry:、特脑残的脑残指数 :oops: ;均为 out of 5.0,不定时发布评估指数。
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redot(红薯林)
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#2 Re: 中国全球唯一的特高压,印度也要搞出来了? || 假的!

帖子 redot(红薯林) »

印度买了一个“巨型”变压器。。。然后把桥压垮了,修新桥又垮了,后来救起来了吗?花了几年?

这起轰动一时的“印度运送变压器压垮大桥”事件,发生于2022年4月10日,地点位于印度中央邦霍沙加巴德地区的苏赫塔瓦河大桥(Sukhtawa Bridge)。 [1, 2] 关于这台130吨重的巨型变压器何时被“救起来”以及后续运输的进展,实际情况充满了印度式的“硬核”与漫长:1. 什么时候“救起来”的?由于事故发生时正值当地的旱季,桥下的河床是干涸的沙石泥土,变压器并没有掉进深水里,而是陷在桥底的干河沟中。 [3, 4] 打捞与脱困时间:事故发生后,由于印度当地缺乏能直接吊起130吨重物的超级起重机,救援无法在几天内完成。现场工程人员采用了极其原始的“人海战术”和“蚕食法”:利用数十个液压千斤顶,耗时数周一点一点地将变压器在河沟里垫高,并修筑了一条临时斜坡道,最终在2022年5日前后(即事故发生约一个月后),才成功将变压器从废墟中挪出并重新固定在多轴运输拖车上。 [4, 5] 2. 这台变压器后来的命运如何?(三年没走出村)虽然变压器从断桥下被挪了出来,但它的“噩梦之旅”远未结束,甚至在互联网上变成了一个长期的日常围观奇闻:运输陷入停滞:大桥坍塌后,该路段的交通彻底中断(导致博帕尔至纳格普尔的交通被迫绕行上百公里)。因为该地区沿途的多座桥梁都无法承受这样的重量,这台巨大的变压器在脱困后,被迫长期滞留在附近的村庄和路边。 [6, 7] “三年挪不出村”:根据后续的多方追踪报道和网络博主记录,直到2024年底至2025年期间,这台变压器依然在当地的公路上以“龟速”挪动。由于无法通过现有桥梁,运输团队每到一个桥梁或干涸河流处,就必须现场临时修筑便道、铺设钢板,甚至因遭遇雨季而数月无法动弹。它也因此被网友戏称为“印度运输界的终极噩梦”。 [7] 3. 事件背景补充绕过中国买高价货:2022年印度为升级北方邦及中央邦电网,急需大型变压器。为了避开价格仅约500万人民币的中国制造,印度电网最终选择花费约3倍的高价(约1600万人民币)向日本东芝采购了同款产品。 [5, 8] “神级”测算公式:据印度媒体和目击者透露,当时运送该设备的128轴重型卡车来到这座拥有150年历史的英国殖民时期古董老桥前,运输团队为了计算能否通过,竟然开创了“用大桥150岁的年龄 减去 变压器130吨的重量,得出还剩20年/吨富余”的荒谬逻辑,随后指挥卡车强行过桥,导致大桥瞬间轰然塌毁。 [2, 9] 如果你对这个事件感兴趣,需要我为你:提供该事故发生时的现场视频画面描述或大桥坍塌细节?了解印度政府后续对该路段新桥梁的重建进度?深入了解为何印度电网的大型变压器高度依赖进口?
[1] https://www.facebook.com[2] https://www.facebook.com[3] https://www.sohu.com[4] https://www.163.com[5] https://www.facebook.com[6] https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com[7] https://www.facebook.com[8] https://www.sina.cn[9] https://www.sohu.com

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#3 Re: 中国全球唯一的特高压,印度也要搞出来了? || 假的!

帖子 redot(红薯林) »

400kvOR675kv算特高压吗

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#5 Re: 中国全球唯一的特高压,印度也要搞出来了? || 假的!

帖子 redot(红薯林) »

我们美国AI,不给面子,喜欢打人脸,还用英文

China is determined to develop Ultra-High-Voltage (UHV) power transmission to solve its severe energy-geography mismatch by linking its resource-rich west to its power-hungry east. By definition, UHV refers to electrical systems operating at 1,000 kV (1 million volts) and above for Alternating Current (UHVAC), and ±800 kV and above for Direct Current (UHVDC). [1, 2, 3]

While the fundamental concept of UHV was first researched and piloted by Western nations, China is the first and only country to innovate, scale, and commercially master it as a distinct high-tech ecosystem. [1, 4, 5, 6, 7]

1. Why is China So Determined to Develop UHV?

China's motivation boils down to geography, economic growth, and the green energy transition: [8, 9, 10]

*

  • The Geographical Mismatch: About 80% of China’s energy resources (hydropower in the southwest, wind and solar in the northwest, and coal in the north) are located thousands of kilometers away from its major economic load centers along the heavily populated southeast coast. [11, 12, 13, 14, 15]
  • "Electricity in the Sky" vs. "Coal on the Ground": Historically, China relied on shipping millions of tons of coal by rail to eastern power plants, creating severe bottlenecks and intense air pollution. UHV converts fuel into power at the source and "flies" it across the country instantly. [16, 17, 18]
  • Massive Efficiency Gains: Standard transmission networks lose massive amounts of power over long distances. High-tech UHVDC lines slash these line losses to as low as 1.5% to 3.5% per 1,000 km, making continental-scale energy transport commercially viable. [19, 20]
  • Unlocking Renewables: Intermittent energies like wind and solar cannot easily power major cities without a robust grid. UHV lines act as the "bullet trains for power," absorbing volatile clean energy from the Gobi Desert and dumping it reliably into coastal megacities. [11, 21]
    *

2. Is UHV a "High-Tech" Technology?

Yes, UHV is considered a crown-jewel engineering technology. It is not just an upgrade to thicker wires; it requires an entirely new category of power electronics, materials science, and grid physics. Core high-tech breakthroughs include: [3]

*

  • Advanced Power Semiconductor Electronics: UHVDC lines rely on massive, high-power solid-state thyristor and IGBT converter valves to instantly flip millions of volts between AC and DC.
  • Extreme Engineering Equipment: China had to design and manufacture the world’s largest single-capacity transformers and gas-insulated transmission lines (GIL) capable of handling immense electrical stresses without exploding.
  • Smart Grid Software: Coordinating multi-gigawatt power grids that cross eight time zones or regional borders requires real-time microprocessor control and AI-driven load management. [5, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26]
    *

3. Who First Proposed and Invented It?

No single individual invented UHV; its foundational concepts evolved across multiple countries, though China became its ultimate commercial executioner. [1, 27, 28, 29]

*

  • First Research & Proposals (1960s–1970s): Developed nations—primarily the United States (via the Bonneville Power Administration and AEP), the Soviet Union, and Japan—first proposed and heavily researched UHV to cope with expected post-war energy booms.
  • First Operational Pilot (1985): The former Soviet Union built the world’s first operational UHVAC line (1,150 kV) stretching over 900 km from Ekibastuz (now Kazakhstan) to Kokchetav.
  • Why the West Abandoned It: In the late 1980s and 1990s, power demand growth slowed down in the US and Europe. Additionally, the collapse of the Soviet Union caused their UHV line to be permanently downgraded to a standard 500 kV system. Japan also built UHV lines but operated them at lower voltages because local opposition and economic stagnation killed the demand.
  • China's Role: China took these dormant global blueprints, spent billions on native R&D starting in the mid-2000s, overcame 310 key technology bottlenecks, and successfully commercialized the technology for the first time globally in 2009. [4, 23, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34]
    *

4. What are the Challenges?

Building and maintaining a continent-spanning, million-volt power grid presents massive hurdles:

Challenge CategorySpecific Issues
Grid Stability & SafetyIf a single UHV line carrying 10–13 Gigawatts (equivalent to 10 nuclear power plants) trips or fails, it can cause a catastrophic chain-reaction blackout across the entire national power grid.
Insulation & Overvoltage ControlContaining a million volts requires gargantuan insulation systems. Lightning strikes, humidity, air pressure, or internal switching surges can easily jump gaps and destroy billions of dollars of hardware.
Environmental ImpactsThe massive electromagnetic field forces lines to be built on towering pylons far away from human communities. They also generate intense "corona discharge" noise and ozone gas under wet conditions.
Exorbitant Capital CostsA single UHV line corridor routinely costs upwards of $5–6 billion USD. China has poured over 600 billion yuan (~$83+ billion USD) into its UHV network.
The "Clean vs. Dirty" Utilization DilemmaUHV lines run most efficiently when full. Because wind and solar are intermittent, China often has to bundle clean energy with coal power ("hybrid-by-wire") just to keep the utilization rate of the lines steady.

Would you like to explore how China’s UHV grid compares directly to the current US or European power grids, or would you prefer a closer look at a specific engineering marvel like the ±1100 kV Changji-Guquan project?

[1] https://baike.baidu.com
[2] https://www.facebook.com
[3] https://www.youtube.com
[4] https://www.ourchinastory.com
[5] https://www.chinatalk.media
[6] https://pekingensight.substack.com
[7] https://english.cctv.com
[8] https://www.sciencedirect.com
[9] https://www.sciencedirect.com
[10] https://emag.directindustry.com
[11] https://www.bbc.com
[12] https://www.zhihu.com
[13] https://corporateknights.com
[14] https://www.sciencedirect.com
[15] https://www.chinadaily.com.cn
[16] https://www.gem.wiki
[17] https://www.sciencedirect.com
[18] https://www.sciencedirect.com
[19] https://energyexplained.substack.com
[20] https://eepower.com
[21] https://www.sciencedirect.com
[22] https://en.wikipedia.org
[23] https://www.ourchinastory.com
[24] https://www.sciencedirect.com
[25] https://hvdcworld.com
[26] https://www.wattlytics.com
[27] https://www.bbc.com
[28] https://www.linkedin.com
[29] https://pekingensight.substack.com
[30] https://en.wikipedia.org
[31] https://www.sciencedirect.com
[32] https://www.gem.wiki
[33] https://www.gem.wiki
[34] https://www.scirp.org

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#6 Re: 中国全球唯一的特高压,印度也要搞出来了? || 假的!

帖子 redot(红薯林) »

克劳德叔叔

China's push into ultra-high-voltage (UHV) transmission comes down to a basic geography problem: most of its coal, hydro, and wind/solar resources sit in the west and north (Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu), while the big electricity demand is in the east and south (Guangdong, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Beijing). Conventional 500kV lines lose too much power and can't carry enough capacity over distances of 1,000–3,000 km. UHV (800kV+ DC, 1,000kV+ AC) cuts transmission losses roughly in half over long distances and lets a single corridor move gigawatts — enough to power a mid-sized country. This lets China build huge wind/solar/hydro bases in remote regions and ship the power to coastal cities without building new power plants there, which also helps with air pollution control in the east and integration of renewables that are geographically stranded.

Is it high-tech?
Yes — it's genuinely difficult engineering, not just "bigger wires." At these voltages, corona discharge, insulation, lightning/switching overvoltages, converter valve design, and audible noise/electromagnetic field control all become much harder problems. It requires specialized transformers, converter stations, and materials that push the limits of insulation and thermal engineering.

Who invented it?
UHV isn't a Chinese invention. Research and pilot projects on UHV AC and DC transmission started in the Soviet Union, United States, Japan, Italy, and Brazil in the 1960s–1980s (e.g., the Soviet 1150kV AC line, US and Japanese UHV test lines). Most of these programs were shelved or scaled back because the demand case didn't justify the cost and complexity. China is the country that took UHV from research/pilot stage to full commercial deployment at scale, starting in the mid-2000s, and now holds the most operating UHV lines and a large share of related patents — so while China didn't invent the concept, it's the clear leader in maturing and industrializing the technology.

Key challenges:

  • Cost and long payback periods — UHV stations and lines require enormous upfront capital.
  • Technical difficulty — insulation design, converter valve reliability, protection against lightning/overvoltage, and corona-related noise/EMF at these voltage levels.
  • Right-of-way and land use — corridors span multiple provinces, requiring coordination and large land footprints.
  • Grid stability — moving huge blocks of power over long distances raises risks of cascading failures if a line trips.
  • Utilization efficiency — some early lines faced criticism for running below capacity, prompting debate over whether coordinated renewable buildout matched transmission investment.
  • Export/geopolitical limits — few other countries have the demand-supply mismatch or state-led investment capacity to replicate this model at the same scale, so UHV hasn't spread globally the way China hoped it might.
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#7 Re: 中国全球唯一的特高压,印度也要搞出来了? || 假的!

帖子 redot(红薯林) »

为什么那些“发明”特高压的国家斗没有成功?

The early pioneers of Ultra-High-Voltage (UHV) technology—the United States, the Soviet Union, and Japan—ultimately failed to implement it on a large, commercial scale. Their retreat from UHV was not a failure of raw intellect or basic engineering, but rather a perfect storm of shifting demographics, economic changes, institutional fragmentation, and regulatory barriers. [1, 2]

The primary reasons these nations chose to step back, allowing China to bridge the "generational gap" and master the tech, include the following: [1]

1. Market Stagnation & A Drop in Energy Demand

UHV systems are massively expensive and only make sense if a country's energy demand is skyrocketing. [3, 4]

*

  • The West: In the 1960s and 1970s, Western nations projected exponential industrial growth. However, the oil crises of the 1970s forced Western economies to shift toward energy efficiency and service-based industries. Power demand flattened out. [5]
  • Japan: Following its economic bubble burst in the early 1990s, Japan experienced decades of economic stagnation. The massive industrial power demand required to justify activating its newly built UHV lines never materialized. [6]
    *

2. Geopolitical & Sovereign Collapse

Political instability directly kills multi-decade infrastructure megaprojects.

*

  • The Soviet Union: The USSR built the world’s first functioning 1,150 kV UHVAC line in 1985 [4]. However, when the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, the line suddenly stretched across two newly independent, politically detached countries (Russia and Kazakhstan). Due to a lack of centralized funds, political fracturing, and a sharp economic decline, the line was permanently downgraded to a standard 500 kV system. [7, 8, 9, 10]
    *

3. "Energy-Geography" Reversal

Unlike China, where resources and people are completely opposite sides of the country, the early pioneers found closer alternatives. [1, 3]

*

  • The United States: The US certainly has long distances, but its population and economic hubs are more evenly distributed. Major US energy sources (like natural gas in Texas or Pennsylvania, and coal in Wyoming) were relatively close to regional load centers. The US chose to transport raw fuel (via gas pipelines and freight trains) to power plants built close to cities, rather than converting it to UHV electricity at the source. [1, 11]
    *

4. Institutional Fragmentation (The "Who Owns the Grid?" Problem)

UHV requires absolute, centralized control to plan, fund, and manage. [3, 11, 12]

*

  • The US Grid Nightmare: The US electricity grid is not a single entity; it is a fractured patchwork of over 3,000 independent utilities, regional operators, and private companies. Trying to build a UHV line that spans multiple states requires getting dozens of competing private companies and state regulators to agree on who pays for it and who profits. Because it is a logistical and legal nightmare, American private utilities prefer to invest in smaller, less risky local upgrades. [1, 3, 11, 13]
  • China's Advantage: In stark contrast, China's grid is controlled almost entirely by a state-owned monopoly (State Grid Corporation of China), allowing the government to bypass corporate infighting and mandate nationwide projects via top-down central planning. [3, 11]
    *

5. Regulatory Hurdles & NIMBYism

In democratic nations, acquiring land for massive infrastructure is incredibly difficult and heavily litigated. [3]

*

  • Permitting Lifespans: In the US, a single cross-state high-voltage transmission project face rigorous environmental reviews, lawsuits from local landowners, and bureaucratic red tape. A single line can take up to 15 to 17 years just to clear the regulatory phase before construction even begins. Private investors simply do not have the patience for that timeline.
  • Japan's "NIMBY" (Not In My Back Yard): Japan is small and mountainous. Erecting massive, roaring UHV towers close to residential areas met fierce local opposition regarding electromagnetic fields and visual pollution. Japan ultimately chose to keep its voltages lower to avoid public backlash. [1, 3, 14, 15, 16]
    *

6. The Fear of Catastrophic Cascading Failures

Early grid designers realized that linking an entire continent to a few ultra-powerful UHV lines introduces systemic vulnerability. If an emergency, natural disaster, or cyberattack trips a UHV line carrying a massive payload, it can instantly drop the voltage of the entire nation, triggering a multi-state blackout. Western grid designers explicitly chose to keep regional grids semi-independent and isolated to contain failures, whereas China chose to take the risk and spent billions developing the high-tech software and control systems necessary to manage that stability. [1, 15]
Would you like to know how the US is currently trying to upgrade its grid without using UHV (such as through standard HVDC or advanced conductors), or would you like to see which other countries, like Brazil or India, are starting to adopt China's UHV tech? [3, 7]

[1] https://ceep.bit.edu.cn
[2] https://www.ourchinastory.com
[3] https://www.reddit.com
[4] https://dialogue.earth
[5] https://www.internationalschoolhistory.com
[6] https://www.zhihu.com
[7] https://www.bbc.com
[8] https://study.com
[9] https://baike.baidu.com
[10] https://fiveable.me
[11] https://www.zhihu.com
[12] https://fdiinsider.com
[13] https://www.thinkchina.sg
[14] https://chinapower.csis.org
[15] https://baike.baidu.com
[16] https://www.kvue.com

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redot(红薯林)
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#8 Re: 中国全球唯一的特高压,印度也要搞出来了? || 假的!

帖子 redot(红薯林) »

Mostly because their reasons for researching UHV never turned into the sustained economic/political case that China had. Breaking it down by country:

United States

  • The US grid is fragmented — multiple regional operators, private utilities, and limited federal authority to force cross-state transmission corridors. Building a single UHV line spanning many states means navigating dozens of separate regulatory approvals, landowner negotiations, and utility interests.
  • The US doesn't have China's extreme west-to-east resource/demand mismatch. Most demand centers have reasonably local generation options (gas, nuclear, regional grids), so the case for 2,000km bulk transmission was weaker.
  • Utilities are largely private and profit-driven with shorter investment horizons; state-led "build it and demand will follow" capital projects don't fit the model.
  • The US did build a UHV AC test line (up to 1500kV) in the 1970s-80s but it stayed experimental — no commercial deployment followed.

Soviet Union / Russia

  • The USSR actually operated an 1150kV AC line (Ekibastuz–Kokshetau) — the only country to run one before China. But after the Soviet collapse, the line was downgraded to 500kV operation because economic disruption, reduced demand, and lack of investment made running it at full voltage impractical.
  • Russia inherited a shrunken economy and grid demand that didn't justify reinvesting in UHV.

Japan

  • Japan built UHV-ready 1000kV AC lines (Kita-Iwaki, Minami-Iwaki) in the 1990s but has mostly operated them at 500kV.
  • Japan is geographically compact with a dense grid — it doesn't have thousands of kilometers between generation and load like China does, so the case for UHV's core advantage (long-distance bulk transmission) is much weaker.
  • Post-Fukushima energy policy shifts and slower electricity demand growth further reduced urgency.

Italy and Brazil

  • Italy's UHV research was mostly theoretical/test-line work, never matched by a demand case at home.
  • Brazil actually has geography somewhat similar to China's problem (Amazon hydro far from São Paulo/Rio demand) and has built extra-high-voltage (not quite UHV) DC lines like Belo Monte at 800kV. So Brazil is arguably the closest to replicating China's model, just at a smaller scale and slower pace, constrained by capital availability and slower demand growth compared to China's.

The common thread
China succeeded where others didn't mainly because it combined three things simultaneously: (1) a genuinely extreme geographic mismatch between resources and demand, (2) rapidly growing electricity demand that made the investment pay off faster, and (3) a state-owned grid company (State Grid Corporation of China) with the authority and capital to plan and build multi-province corridors without needing to negotiate through fragmented private utilities or federal-state jurisdictional fights. Most other countries had at most one or two of these conditions, not all three.

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#9 Re: 中国全球唯一的特高压,印度也要搞出来了? || 假的!

帖子 redot(红薯林) »

克劳德和姐咪奶异口同声,有解决不了飞技术难题(至今未解)- 变压器的尺寸,重量和材料

Yes, there are real technical/engineering constraints that made UHV harder to sustain, on top of the economics. A few concrete ones:

Transformer size, weight, and transport

  • UHV transformers (1000kV+ AC, ±800kV/±1100kV DC converter transformers) are enormous — single units can weigh 300-500+ tons. That creates a real logistics bottleneck: many countries' rail systems, bridges, and roads simply can't move a transformer that size from factory to substation. China invested heavily in specialized heavy-haul rail cars and route planning specifically to solve this; the US and others didn't have that infrastructure ready and retrofitting it is its own huge cost.
  • At this size, transformers also push manufacturing limits — core lamination stacking, winding insulation, and cooling all get harder to engineer reliably as unit size scales up. Fewer factories worldwide are actually capable of building them to spec, which limited supply chains outside China.

Insulation and corona discharge

  • At 1000kV+ AC and ±800kV+ DC, corona discharge (ionization of air around conductors) becomes a serious problem — it causes energy loss, audible noise (a persistent buzzing/crackling near lines), radio interference, and gradual conductor degradation. Managing this requires bundled conductors (multiple sub-conductors per phase, sometimes 6-8 bundles) and much larger tower/conductor spacing, which increases both engineering complexity and land footprint.
  • Insulator strings (the porcelain/composite disks holding conductors) need to be longer and cleaner-rated, since contamination (pollution, salt spray, ice) causes flashover risk that scales badly with voltage. This is a materials science and maintenance challenge, not just a design one.

Converter valve technology (for UHVDC)

  • The thyristor valves and later IGBT-based valves used in UHV converter stations have to handle enormous voltage and current stress with very tight reliability margins — a valve failure can take a multi-gigawatt link offline. China's success here relied heavily on developing domestic thyristor and IGBT manufacturing at the needed scale and quality; earlier Soviet/US/Japanese UHV work predates mature power-electronics manufacturing capable of this at commercial reliability.

Overvoltage and lightning protection

  • Switching and lightning overvoltages scale with line voltage, so protection equipment (surge arresters, grounding systems) has to be oversized accordingly, and even small design errors can cascade into large-scale outages given how much power a single UHV line carries.

Grid stability / single point of failure risk

  • Concentrating huge power flow (up to 10+ GW) onto one or two corridors means a single line trip can destabilize a wide area of the grid — this is a control and protection engineering challenge (fast fault detection, redundancy, backup paths) that grids in fragmented systems (like the US, with multiple independent operators) found much harder to coordinate than China's unified state grid operator.

Bottom line
None of these were unsolvable — they were solvable with enough sustained R&D investment, specialized manufacturing, and coordinated planning. What differed is that China treated these as engineering problems worth solving at national scale over 15+ years (because the demand case justified it), while other countries hit these same technical walls, judged the cost-to-solve not worth it given their smaller demand case, and shelved the programs at the pilot/test-line stage instead of pushing through to commercial reliability.

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#10 Re: 中国全球唯一的特高压,印度也要搞出来了? || 假的!

帖子 redot(红薯林) »

Yes, absolutely. The retreat from UHV by early pioneers wasn't just driven by economics and politics; they hit a massive technological and materials science wall in the 1970s and 1980s.
To handle 1,000,000+ volts, everything has to scale up exponentially. The laws of physics created massive roadblocks in transformer design, weight logistics, and insulation chemistry that the technology of the 20th century simply could not solve reliably or affordably.

Here are the specific technical and material reasons that caused early UHV projects to stall:

1. The "Transportation Barrier" (Size and Weight)

Transformers are the heart of a UHV substation. Because voltage is so high, the internal magnetic cores and copper windings must be massive. [1, 2]

  • The Weight Wall: Early UHV test transformers weighed between 500 to 800 metric tons as a single unit.
  • The Shipping Nightmare: In the US, Europe, and Japan, heavy equipment must be moved by rail or road. These transformers exceeded the weight limits of standard bridges and were too wide/tall to pass through standard railway tunnels or under overpasses.
  • Why they stopped: Engineers realized they couldn’t physically transport a fully assembled UHV transformer from the factory to the substation. China later solved this by building specialized, heavy-duty modular transport vehicles and, crucially, developing on-site assembly and sealing technologies—capabilities that did not exist in the 1980s.

2. Insulation Breakdown and Air Physics

As voltage increases, air stops acting as an insulator and begins to conduct electricity. At 1,000 kV, electricity can easily jump (arc) across several meters of open air. [3]

  • The Size Explosion: To prevent catastrophic arcing, early UHV equipment required massive clearances. Substation components had to be spaced so far apart that a single UHV substation required the land area of dozens of football fields.
  • The Porcelain Bushing Crisis: To bring a 1,000 kV wire into a transformer, you need a giant insulating sleeve called a "bushing." In the 1980s, these were made of porcelain. A UHV porcelain bushing had to be over 10 meters tall and weighed tens of tons. They were incredibly fragile, prone to cracking under structural stress, and highly explosive if an internal fault occurred.

3. The Failure of Early SF6 Gas Insulation

To shrink the gargantuan size of UHV substations, engineers tried using Gas-Insulated Switchgear (GIS), which encases the electrical components in a metal pipe filled with Sulfur Hexafluoride ($SF_6$) gas. $SF_6$ insulates much better than air.

  • The Material Purity Problem: In the 1980s, manufacturing techniques could not guarantee the absolute purity of the gas or the smooth finish of the internal metal pipes.
  • Catastrophic Micro-Particles: Even a microscopic speck of dust or a tiny metallic burr inside the pipe would distort the intense electrical field. This caused the $SF_6$ gas to chemically break down, leading to internal lightning-like arcs that ruptured the metal enclosures. The metallurgy and manufacturing precision of the time simply weren't advanced enough to prevent these failures.

4. Acoustic Noise and "Corona Discharge"

When a wire carries one million volts, the electrical field at the surface of the wire ionizes the surrounding air. This is called corona discharge.

  • The Rain Problem: Early Western test lines found that during rain or high humidity, the corona discharge became violent. The lines generated a deafening, continuous buzzing sound (crackling) that could be heard kilometers away, alongside a visible purple glow.
  • Radio Interference: The discharge acted as a massive jammer, wiping out local AM/FM radio, television signals, and emergency communications near the power lines.
  • The Mechanical Stress Wall: To stop this, engineers had to bundle multiple wires together (up to 8 separate wires per phase) to spread out the electrical field. However, bundling 8 heavy wires drastically increased the weight of the power lines. In winter, ice accumulation on these massive bundles caused the steel transmission towers to buckle and collapse under the immense weight. [4]

5. Lack of High-Power Semiconductors (For DC)

Ultra-high-voltage Direct Current (UHVDC) is much better for long distances than Alternating Current (UHVAC) because it doesn't suffer from the same severe air-insulation losses. However, DC requires flipping the power from AC to DC and back again using massive switches called converter valves.

  • The Tech Wasn't Ready: In the 1970s and 80s, solid-state power electronics (like high-power Thyristors and IGBTs) were in their infancy. They could not handle high currents and millions of volts simultaneously without overheating and burning out.
  • Mercury-Arc Relics: Early attempts relied on older technology like mercury-arc valves, which were unreliable, environmentally dangerous, and prone to frequent "arc-backs" (short circuits) that destabilized the entire grid. [5]

Summary: What changed?

The early pioneers proved that UHV was theoretically possible, but their materials science, manufacturing precision, and computer controls weren't advanced enough to make it safe or reliable.
When China revived the technology two decades later, they leveraged modern advancements: composite silicone insulators (replacing heavy porcelain), ultra-precise CNC manufacturing (for flawless $SF_6$ equipment), supercomputers to model lightning strikes, and advanced power semiconductors to safely control the massive flow of electrons.
Would you like to take a deeper look at how modern composite materials replaced porcelain to make UHV safer, or explore the environmental impact of the $SF_6$ insulating gas used in these systems?

[1] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
[2] https://taishantransformer.com
[3] https://www.paytongroup.com
[4] https://www.linkedin.com
[5] https://powerquality.blog

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redot(红薯林)
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#11 Re: 中国全球唯一的特高压,印度也要搞出来了? || 假的!

帖子 redot(红薯林) »

我们美国头部AI,在技术问题上还是客观的 不搞意识形态
呵呵
问题来了,辣妈,谁在造谣?

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#12 Re: 中国全球唯一的特高压,印度也要搞出来了? || 假的!

帖子 redot(红薯林) »

Is UHV a "High-Tech" Technology?
Yes, UHV is considered a crown-jewel engineering technology. It is not just an upgrade to thicker wires; it requires an entirely new category of power electronics, materials science, and grid physics. Core high-tech breakthroughs include: [3]

Is it high-tech?
Yes — it's genuinely difficult engineering, not just "bigger wires." At these voltages, corona discharge, insulation, lightning/switching overvoltages, converter valve design, and audible noise/electromagnetic field control all become much harder problems. It requires specialized transformers, converter stations, and materials that push the limits of insulation and thermal engineering.

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C999楼主
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#13 Re: 中国全球唯一的特高压,印度也要搞出来了? || 假的!

帖子 C999楼主 »

redot 写了: 今天 03:52

400kvOR675kv算特高压吗

一般来说,输电电压分高压、超高压和特高压。国际上:

高压(HV)通常指35—220千伏的电压;​

超高压(EHV)通常指330千伏及以上、1000千伏以下的电压;​

特高压(UHV)指1000千伏及以上的电压。

= B777 。 祛魅语料库首席技师;《世界战国军事简史》首席编辑。
官方拥有三个指数:射墙的扶墙指数 :roll: 、京人的受惊指数 :cry:、特脑残的脑残指数 :oops: ;均为 out of 5.0,不定时发布评估指数。
# Copyright(2024- 永久) © + 注册商标(2024- 永久) ®:世界寰球宇宙最佳指数委员会。日耳蛮反赢学™,日耳蛮反赢学® 公社。

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#14 Re: 中国全球唯一的特高压,印度也要搞出来了? || 假的!

帖子 jiujianoufu »

在特高压(1000千伏以上),中国基本上已经是博士生了,而印度则是小学生还没有毕业哪。

关是高压绝缘纸,就够印度追三十年了。

netflix(nf)
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#15 Re: 中国全球唯一的特高压,印度也要搞出来了? || 假的!

帖子 netflix(nf) »

中国应该禁止出口这类技术

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