CL20我鳖白菜化了，我帝还一年十吨？
US lacks the explosive firepower to truly deter China
China has surged past US explosive and propellant production capacity; US stockpiles would run dry within a week of a Taiwan war
By GABRIEL HONRADA
MARCH 11, 2023
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A US Navy ordnance handler checks the nose of a laser-guided MK 82 500-pound bomb. Photo: AFP / Leila Gorchev
The US is at growing risk of a firepower gap with China as US explosives and propellants production declines and China’s rises.
This month, Forbes reported that China had overtaken the US in developing new types of explosives, notably its version of CL-20, an explosive developed in the 1980s, which is 40% more potent than RDX or HMX and widely used in US munitions since World War II.
The report mentions that China tested its CL-20 counterpart in 2011 and has since mass-produced the explosive.
In contrast, the article says that almost all US military explosives are made at one US Army plant at Holston, Tennessee, using World War II-style mixing systems and production techniques. It also notes that newer explosives such as CL-20 cannot be made with these dated methods and can only be produced in smaller amounts in chemical reactors.
The report also mentions that the US can make 10 tons of CL-20 a year with its current stockpile of precursor chemicals, but broad use of CL-20 will require a production rate of 1,000 tons a year, with US industries needing three to five years to scale up.
Forbes notes that the US depends on China as the only source for a half-dozen chemical ingredients used in its military explosives and propellants, and other countries of concern for another dozen, bringing the security of US energetics logistics chains into question.
The article also mentions that in the event of a Taiwan contingency, the US will face greater numbers of Chinese missiles, including some with power and range greater than anything in the US arsenal due to China’s development of new explosives and propellants that burn more efficiently.
Some of China’s advancements in terms of energetics include the development of cross-media weapons and thermobaric weapons.
In September 2022, Asia Times reported on China’s development of a hybrid missile-torpedo that can cruise at Mach 2.5 at 10,000 meters, then transition to sea-skimming mode for 20 kilometers, and finally shift to supercavitating mode for the last 10 kilometers to the target.
DF-21D and DF-26 antiship ballistic missiles (ASBMs) have become the mainstay of China’s anti-access/area-denial (A2/AD) defenses. Credit: Xinhua.
Chinese researchers invented a new type of boron-powered solid-fuel ramjet engine to make this weapon, which features several innovations such as double the boron content compared to traditional ramjet fuel rods, and multiple coatings on the nanofuel particles to control their explosive properties.
They also claim no defense against a cross-medium attack, as it can change course at will or crash-dive up to 100 meters to avoid shipboard defenses.
China has also been developing thermobaric weapons that rely on atmospheric oxygen as the oxidizer for an aerosolized explosive. Thermobaric weapons create a much larger and more powerful blast than conventional explosives, followed by a devastating vacuum effect.
In November 2022, The Warzone reported that China had developed a huge air-dropped thermobaric bomb, analogous to the US GBU-43/B Massive Ordnance Air Blast (MOAB), or Russian Aviation Thermobaric Bomb of Increased Power (ATBIP).
The report notes that this weapon is the most powerful conventional bomb in China’s arsenal. Its large and powerful blast can wipe out fortified ground targets, instantly creating landing zones for helicopters or serving as a potent psychological weapon due to its sheer destructive power.
Given China’s advances in energetics, Sean Carberry, in a June 2022 article by National Defense Magazine, cautions that the US might be at a disadvantage in a confrontation with China due to the latter’s planes and ships carrying munitions that can travel further, with those weapons being made smaller and lighter yet having more punch.
As to how the US lost its edge in energetics, Carberry mentions that while the US had the lead in energetics manufacturing during World War II and the Cold War, the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Global War on Terror diminished the need for new energetics amid new and different capability requirements, namely counterinsurgency tactics and precision strikes over making farther-reaching and harder-hitting munitions.
The loss of US energetics production capability has directly impacted its capability to keep Ukraine and Taiwan supplied with enough ammunition for a protracted conflict against Russia and China.
The Economist noted that the US could manufacture 180,000 155-millimeter artillery rounds annually. Europe could produce 300,000 rounds, accounting for barely three months of Ukraine’s artillery round expenditure.
Although the source notes that the US and Europe have pledged to upscale artillery round production, with the latter even considering reactivating old Soviet-era artillery round production lines, European firms still need to sign procurement contracts.
Defense One reported this month that a lack of machine tools constrains US artillery round production capability. Precision machining is vital for artillery rounds, as any imperfections in the round casing shape will result in erratic flight toward the target.
The article notes that while the US has abundant raw materials for manufacturing artillery rounds, the long lead time in acquiring machining tools for artillery round casings causes delays in scaling up production.
A Taiwanese AIDC F-CK-1 Ching-Kuo fighter with its armaments on display. Photo: Twitter
In the case of Taiwan, a January 2023 report by the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) notes that US use of munitions in a Taiwan contingency would likely exceed its current stockpile, with the US running out of long-range, precision-guided munitions less than one week into a Taiwan conflict.
CSIS also notes that the US defense industrial base needs more surge capacity for a protracted conflict, unlike China, which invests in munitions and high-end weapons systems five to six times faster than the US.
The CSIS report notes these shortfalls ultimately undermine effective deterrence as the concept is based on sufficient stockpiles of weapons and weapons systems.
完了，强国连个高爆炸药都搞不好
版主： Softfist
Re: 完了，强国连个高爆炸药都搞不好
曾经为中国核武器研发出第一代引爆药的炸药专家于永忠认为，传统的平面环状分子结构的炸药，已经发展到了极限，要想提高炸药威力，那么就只能把平面变立体，由环状结构变成笼状结构，这样才有未来。
这一理论，为单质炸药研究带来了革命性的指导方向。1979年，于永忠首先合成出了世界上第一种笼形结构的单质炸药797＃，验证了自己理论的可能性，并提出如果把797＃的4个氧原子转化为4个N-NO2，威力会更大。
看到于永忠的论文后，美国也认识到了笼状结构的巨大潜力，于是也开始研究这种新式炸药，1987年，美国科学家尼尔森制成了六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷，由于他的实验室位于美国海军武器试验基地“中国湖”（China Lake），所以这种新炸药被给了一个“中国湖20号化合物”的名字，简称CL-20。
这一理论，为单质炸药研究带来了革命性的指导方向。1979年，于永忠首先合成出了世界上第一种笼形结构的单质炸药797＃，验证了自己理论的可能性，并提出如果把797＃的4个氧原子转化为4个N-NO2，威力会更大。
看到于永忠的论文后，美国也认识到了笼状结构的巨大潜力，于是也开始研究这种新式炸药，1987年，美国科学家尼尔森制成了六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷，由于他的实验室位于美国海军武器试验基地“中国湖”（China Lake），所以这种新炸药被给了一个“中国湖20号化合物”的名字，简称CL-20。
Re: 完了，强国连个高爆炸药都搞不好
CL-20的最大爆速达到了惊人的9500米/秒，爆压、密度等几个材料参数都优于奥克托今，爆炸威力是TNT的3倍，说它是一种革命性的炸药也不为过。
不要低估炸药的革命对军事工业带来的意义，有了CL20，在相同装药量的情况下，新的导弹威力将比普通导弹威力更猛烈，对付加固机堡、地下掩体等目标时可以更轻松。
同时，导弹装药还可以用较少的CL20实现相同效果，减小导弹体积和重量，增加携弹量或者塞进隐身战机。更厉害的是，CL20还可以用于导弹推进剂，无论速度和射程都要迈上一大步。就连核武器，如果使用新式炸药作为引爆药，也可以带来全新的爆炸效果！
但CL20同样存在很大问题，虽然性能好，但太难制造了！从实验室产品到量产产品存在很大门槛。毕竟炸药毕竟是消耗品，可美国的CL20一直没有实现大批量低成本生产，现在也只能在实验室少量制备，造价一千克一开始要数万美元，近些年才降到1000美元。可现在哪个导弹不装个几百公斤炸药？1000美元一千克的炸药谁使得起？
但是，这个问题在中国，已经不存在了。
中国在90年代按照于永忠的技术路线合成成功CL-20之后，就开始了对合成工艺的不懈探索，经过研究，先是欧育湘创造了“一锅法”，实现1公斤级合成能力，然后赵信岐创新探索合成工艺路线，最终形成了工业化生产关键技术，在美国技术保密的情况下，探索出了中国式的工艺路线！
▲中国技术路线
中国完成工业化量产之后的CL20有多便宜？一公斤只有几百元！只有美国生产成本的十几分之一！
不要低估炸药的革命对军事工业带来的意义，有了CL20，在相同装药量的情况下，新的导弹威力将比普通导弹威力更猛烈，对付加固机堡、地下掩体等目标时可以更轻松。
同时，导弹装药还可以用较少的CL20实现相同效果，减小导弹体积和重量，增加携弹量或者塞进隐身战机。更厉害的是，CL20还可以用于导弹推进剂，无论速度和射程都要迈上一大步。就连核武器，如果使用新式炸药作为引爆药，也可以带来全新的爆炸效果！
但CL20同样存在很大问题，虽然性能好，但太难制造了！从实验室产品到量产产品存在很大门槛。毕竟炸药毕竟是消耗品，可美国的CL20一直没有实现大批量低成本生产，现在也只能在实验室少量制备，造价一千克一开始要数万美元，近些年才降到1000美元。可现在哪个导弹不装个几百公斤炸药？1000美元一千克的炸药谁使得起？
但是，这个问题在中国，已经不存在了。
中国在90年代按照于永忠的技术路线合成成功CL-20之后，就开始了对合成工艺的不懈探索，经过研究，先是欧育湘创造了“一锅法”，实现1公斤级合成能力，然后赵信岐创新探索合成工艺路线，最终形成了工业化生产关键技术，在美国技术保密的情况下，探索出了中国式的工艺路线！
▲中国技术路线
中国完成工业化量产之后的CL20有多便宜？一公斤只有几百元！只有美国生产成本的十几分之一！
Re: 完了，强国连个高爆炸药都搞不好
更关键的是，中国的CL20已经实用化，开始应用于武器装备，而美国的CL20却一直处在实验室状态，原因也很简单，没有解决安全性问题。
要知道，虽然CL20威力大，但相对奥克托金HMX，安全性大幅度下降，摩擦感度只有HMX的40%，撞击感度也只有HMX的一半多点，这就意味着其安全性的大大降低，再加上其超高的威力，一旦发生事故，后果不堪设想。
对此，中国北理工的庞思平团队另辟蹊径，合成了三维MOFs材料，将敏感的氮原子和金属原子被包覆起来，大大降低了敏感度，提高了安全性，终于实现了CL20这种炸药之王的武器化使用之路。
2016年，实用化CL20的课题“新一代含能材料研究及其工程化”荣获2015年度国防科技进步特等奖。要知道，连电磁弹射技术也只不过是一等奖，而CL20竟然获了特等奖，可想而知CL20给中国军队带来的革命性变化了。
要知道，虽然CL20威力大，但相对奥克托金HMX，安全性大幅度下降，摩擦感度只有HMX的40%，撞击感度也只有HMX的一半多点，这就意味着其安全性的大大降低，再加上其超高的威力，一旦发生事故，后果不堪设想。
对此，中国北理工的庞思平团队另辟蹊径，合成了三维MOFs材料，将敏感的氮原子和金属原子被包覆起来，大大降低了敏感度，提高了安全性，终于实现了CL20这种炸药之王的武器化使用之路。
2016年，实用化CL20的课题“新一代含能材料研究及其工程化”荣获2015年度国防科技进步特等奖。要知道，连电磁弹射技术也只不过是一等奖，而CL20竟然获了特等奖，可想而知CL20给中国军队带来的革命性变化了。
Re: 完了，强国连个高爆炸药都搞不好
电磁弹射都已经失败了，这个鸡巴炸药也是糊弄人的吧sdehc 写了： 2023年 5月 15日 03:54 更关键的是，中国的CL20已经实用化，开始应用于武器装备，而美国的CL20却一直处在实验室状态，原因也很简单，没有解决安全性问题。
要知道，虽然CL20威力大，但相对奥克托金HMX，安全性大幅度下降，摩擦感度只有HMX的40%，撞击感度也只有HMX的一半多点，这就意味着其安全性的大大降低，再加上其超高的威力，一旦发生事故，后果不堪设想。
对此，中国北理工的庞思平团队另辟蹊径，合成了三维MOFs材料，将敏感的氮原子和金属原子被包覆起来，大大降低了敏感度，提高了安全性，终于实现了CL20这种炸药之王的武器化使用之路。
2016年，实用化CL20的课题“新一代含能材料研究及其工程化”荣获2015年度国防科技进步特等奖。要知道，连电磁弹射技术也只不过是一等奖，而CL20竟然获了特等奖，可想而知CL20给中国军队带来的革命性变化了。
