俄罗斯总统普京希望北约及美国公开发表声明拒绝乌克兰加入北约,但该诉求随后被拒绝。
那么,是谁说过“北约不东扩一寸”?
Former US president George HW Bush and former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev
前苏联最高领导人戈尔巴乔夫(右)和美国总统布什(左)在1999年11月的会面。 (Reuters)
1990年,美国及其盟国与苏联就当时德国的统一问题进行了谈判。
根据德国联邦安全政策学院(Federal Academy for Security Policy)公布的信息显示,当年1月31日,时任西德外交部长汉斯-迪特里希-根舍尔(Hans-Dietrich Genscher)在德国图琴的一次演讲中说,为了换取苏联对两国统一谈判的支持,“北约必须做的是无条件地宣布,无论华沙条约发生什么,北约的地域都不会向东扩展”。
“我向[戈尔巴乔夫]提出了以下问题,”贝克在写给时任德国总理赫尔穆特-科尔(Helmut Kohl)的信中回忆道:“你是愿意看到一个独立于北约之外、没有美国军队的统一的德国,还是愿意看到一个与北约联系在一起的统一的德国,并保证北约的管辖权不会从目前的位置向东移动一寸?”
解读:2022联邦大选主要政党政策之比较
Photo shows Scott Morrison and Anthony Albanese in front of the Perth skylineScott Morrison and Anthony Albanese in front of the Perth skyline
台湾淡江大学国际与战略研究所副教授黄介正也表示:“即使俄罗斯认为北约东扩,增加本身的不安全感,但使用非和平手段应对,仍不能合理化解释军事进犯他国。”
中国对俄立场与其外交政策“相违背”
Chinese President Xi Jinping and Russian President Vladimir Putin's relationship is a worry to the West.
RBTH: One of the key issues that has arisen in connection with the events in Ukraine is NATO expansion into the East. Do you get the feeling that your Western partners lied to you when they were developing their future plans in Eastern Europe? Why didn’t you insist that the promises made to you – particularly U.S. Secretary of State James Baker’s promise that NATO would not expand into the East – be legally encoded? I will quote Baker: “NATO will not move one inch further east.”
M.G.: The topic of “NATO expansion” was not discussed at all, and it wasn’t brought up in those years. I say this with full responsibility. Not a singe Eastern European country raised the issue, not even after the Warsaw Pact ceased to exist in 1991. Western leaders didn’t bring it up, either. Another issue we brought up was discussed: making sure that NATO’s military structures would not advance and that additional armed forces from the alliance would not be deployed on the territory of the then-GDR after German reunification. Baker’s statement, mentioned in your question, was made in that context. Kohl and [German Vice Chancellor Hans-Dietrich] Genscher talked about it.
Everything that could have been and needed to be done to solidify that political obligation was done. And fulfilled. The agreement on a final settlement with Germany said that no new military structures would be created in the eastern part of the country; no additional troops would be deployed; no weapons of mass destruction would be placed there. It has been observed all these years. So don’t portray Gorbachev and the then-Soviet authorities as naïve people who were wrapped around the West’s finger. If there was naïveté, it was later, when the issue arose. Russia at first did not object.
The decision for the U.S. and its allies to expand NATO into the east was decisively made in 1993. I called this a big mistake from the very beginning. It was definitely a violation of the spirit of the statements and assurances made to us in 1990. With regards to Germany, they were legally enshrined and are being observed.