既然你天天讲要区分opinion和fact,以下这些毛病都是把自己的opinion当fact的狡辩,在辩论中都是违规言论,看看你犯了多少条
https://www.grammarly.com/blog/logical-fallacies/
【Ad hominem】
An ad hominem fallacy is one that attempts to invalidate an opponent’s position based on a personal trait or fact about the opponent rather than through logic.
Example: Katherine is a bad choice for mayor because she didn’t grow up in this town.
我的同学喜欢引用哲学家,他们不知道自己在说什么,所以你扯荣格干嘛?
【Red herring】
A red herring is an attempt to shift focus from the debate at hand by introducing an irrelevant point.
Example: Losing a tooth can be scary, but have you heard about the Tooth Fairy?
【 Straw man】
A straw man argument is one that argues against a hyperbolic, inaccurate version of the opposition rather than their actual argument.
Example: Erin thinks we need to stop using all plastics, right now, to save the planet from climate change.
中国人喜欢练武士刀,给自己取日本名 = 喜欢吃羊肉萝卜
【Equivocation】
An equivocation is a statement crafted to mislead or confuse readers or listeners by using multiple meanings or interpretations of a word or simply through unclear phrasing.
Example: While I have a clear plan for the campus budget that accounts for every dollar spent, my opponent simply wants to throw money at special interest projects.
【Slippery slope】
With a slippery slope fallacy, the arguer claims a specific series of events will follow one starting point, typically with no supporting evidence for this chain of events.
Example: If we make an exception for Bijal’s service dog, then other people will want to bring their dogs. Then everybody will bring their dog, and before you know it, our restaurant will be overrun with dogs, their slobber, their hair, and all the noise they make, and nobody will want to eat here anymore.
【Hasty generalization】
A hasty generalization is a statement made after considering just one or a few examples rather than relying on more extensive research to back up the claim. It’s important to keep in mind that what constitutes sufficient research depends on the issue at hand and the statement being made about it.
Example: I felt nauseated both times I ate pizza from Georgio’s, so I must be allergic to something in pizza.
【Appeal to authority】
In an appeal to authority, the arguer claims an authority figure’s expertise to support a claim despite this expertise being irrelevant or overstated.
Example: If you want to be healthy, you need to stop drinking coffee. I read it on a fitness blog.
【False dilemma】
A false dilemma, also known as a false dichotomy, claims there are only two options in a given situation. Often, these two options are extreme opposites of each other, failing to acknowledge that other, more reasonable, options exist.
既然生物互吃这么痛苦,那为什么设计出这套机制?要么设计者是傻子,要么设计者不存在。既然设计者不存在,那你的灵魂说是错的。
——我从来没说过世界是被上帝全盘设计出来的,任何一部佛经也没说过。
【Bandwagon fallacy】
With the bandwagon fallacy, the arguer claims that a certain action is the right thing to do because it’s popular.
Example: Of course it’s fine to wait until the last minute to write your paper. Everybody does it!
【Appeal to ignorance】
An appeal to ignorance is a claim that something must be true because it hasn’t been proven false. It can also be a claim that something must be false because it hasn’t been proven true. This is also known as the burden of proof fallacy.
Example: There must be fairies living in our attic because nobody’s ever proven that there aren’t fairies living in our attic.
【 Circular argument】
A circular argument is one that uses the same statement as both the premise and the conclusion. No new information or justification is introduced.
Example: Peppers are the easiest vegetable to grow because I think peppers are the easiest vegetable to grow.
【Sunk cost fallacy】
With the sunk cost fallacy, the arguer justifies their decision to continue a specific course of action by the amount of time or money they’ve already spent on it.
Example: I’m not enjoying this book, but I bought it, so I have to finish reading it.
【Appeal to pity】
An appeal to pity attempts to sway a reader’s or listener’s opinion by provoking them emotionally.
Example: I know I should have been on time for the interview, but I woke up late and felt really bad about it, then the stress of being late made it hard to concentrate on driving here.
【Causal fallacy】
A causal fallacy is one that implies a relationship between two things where one can’t actually be proven.
Example: When ice cream sales are up, so are shark attacks. Therefore, buying ice cream increases your risk of being bitten by a shark.
草一下蔫了,不是因为死了,而是必然由于缺少某种化学成分。
至于是什么化学成分,我不知道,但我相信我是对的,你是错的。
【Appeal to hypocrisy】
An appeal to hypocrisy, also known as a tu quoque fallacy, is a rebuttal that responds to one claim with reactive criticism rather than with a response to the claim itself.
Example: “You don’t have enough experience to be the new leader.” “Neither do you!”
Although this list covers the most commonly seen logical fallacies, it’s not exhaustive. Other logical fallacies include the no true Scotsman fallacy (“New Yorkers fold their pizza, so you must not really be from New York if you eat yours with utensils.”) and the Texas sharpshooter fallacy (cherry-picking data to support a claim rather than drawing a logical conclusion from a broad body of evidence).