randomatrices 写了： 2023年 10月 31日 09:21
俄罗斯以及中亚的民族称呼中国为“契丹”， 但并不是说英语的China对应于“契丹”，契丹在英文中对应 Cathay，也即俄语的Китай (Kitay)，维吾尔语的 خىتاي (Xitay)，俄罗斯人 或新疆维人称汉人为“黑大爷”即来源于此。 China来源于梵语 चीन (Cīna), 从指代 秦 (*zin)而来.
你的应该是对的。
中国两个称法， 来源与中亚对契丹的称呼的Cathay 和来源于南亚对秦称呼的China.
在欧洲一直用 Cathay （契丹） 来指中国很长时间，还有一段时间还不知道Cathay和China的关系，马可波罗用的是Cathay， 还是利玛窦解决了这个问题，后来欧洲改用了China.
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The division of China into northern and southern parts ruled by, in succession, the Liao, Jin and Yuan dynasties in the north, and the Song dynasty in the south, ended in the late 13th century with the conquest of southern China by the Yuan dynasty.
While Central Asia had long known China under names similar to Cathay, that country was known to the peoples of Southeast Asia and India under names similar to China (cf. e.g. Cina in modern Malay). Meanwhile, in China itself, people usually referred to the realm in which they lived on the name of the ruling dynasty, e.g. Da Ming Guo ("Great Ming state") and Da Qing Guo ("Great Qing state"), or as Zhongguo (中國, lit. Middle Kingdom or Central State); see also Names of China for details.
When the Portuguese reached Southeast Asia (Afonso de Albuquerque conquering Malacca in 1511) and the southern coast of China (Jorge Álvares reaching the Pearl River estuary in 1513), they started calling the country by the name used in South and Southeast Asia.[14] It was not immediately clear to the Europeans whether this China is the same country as
Cathay known from Marco Polo. Therefore, it would not be uncommon for 16th-century maps to apply the label China just to the coastal region already well known to the Europeans (e.g., just Guangdong on Abraham Ortelius' 1570 map), and to place the mysterious Cathay somewhere inland.
Gerardus Mercator's placing of the "Kingdom of Cathay" (Cathay Reg.) on the Pacific Coast north-east of China remained typical for a number of maps published in the decades to follow (originally published 1595)
It was a small group of Jesuits, led by
Matteo Ricci who, being able both to travel throughout China and to read, learned about the country from Chinese books and from conversation with people of all walks of life. During his first fifteen years in China (1583–1598) Matteo Ricci formed a strong suspicion that Marco Polo's Cathay is simply the Tatar (i.e., Mongol) name for the country he was in, i.e. China. Ricci supported his arguments by numerous correspondences between Marco Polo's accounts and his own observations:
The River "Yangtze" divides the empire into two halves, with nine provinces ("kingdoms") south of the river and six to the north;
Marco Polo's "Cathay" was just south of "Tartary", and Ricci learned that there was no other country between the Ming Empire and "Tartary" (i.e., the lands of Mongols and Manchus).
People in China had not heard of any place called "Cathay".
Most importantly, when the Jesuits first arrived to Beijing 1598, they also met a number of "Mohammedans" or "Arabian Turks" – visitors or immigrants from the Muslim countries to the west of China, who told Ricci that now they were living in the Great Cathay. This all made them quite convinced that Cathay was indeed China.[15]