Papyrus had the advantage of being relatively cheap and easy to produce, but it was fragile and susceptible to both moisture and excessive dryness. Unless the papyrus was of perfect quality, the writing surface was irregular, and the range of media that could be used was also limited.[citation needed]
Papyrus was gradually overtaken in Europe by a rival writing surface that rose in prominence known as parchment, which was made from animal skins. By the beginning of the fourth century A.D., the most important books began to be manufactured in parchment, and works worth preserving were transferred from papyrus to parchment.[9] Parchment had significant advantages over papyrus, including higher durability in moist climates and being more conducive to writing on both sides of the surface.[9] The main advantage of papyrus had been its cheaper raw material — the papyrus plant is easy to cultivate in a suitable climate and produces more writing material than animal hides (the most expensive books, made from foetal vellum would take up to dozens of bovine fetuses to produce). However, as trade networks declined, the availability of papyrus outside the range of the papyrus plant became limited and it thus lost its cost advantage.
Papyrus' last appearance in the Merovingian chancery was with a document from 692 A.D.,
Papyrus had the advantage of being relatively cheap and easy to produce, but it was fragile and susceptible to both moisture and excessive dryness. Unless the papyrus was of perfect quality, the writing surface was irregular, and the range of media that could be used was also limited.[citation needed]
Papyrus was gradually overtaken in Europe by a rival writing surface that rose in prominence known as parchment, which was made from animal skins. By the beginning of the fourth century A.D., the most important books began to be manufactured in parchment, and works worth preserving were transferred from papyrus to parchment.[9] Parchment had significant advantages over papyrus, including higher durability in moist climates and being more conducive to writing on both sides of the surface.[9] The main advantage of papyrus had been its cheaper raw material — the papyrus plant is easy to cultivate in a suitable climate and produces more writing material than animal hides (the most expensive books, made from foetal vellum would take up to dozens of bovine fetuses to produce). However, as trade networks declined, the availability of papyrus outside the range of the papyrus plant became limited and it thus lost its cost advantage.
Papyrus' last appearance in the Merovingian chancery was with a document from 692 A.D.,
---黄河清的乌克兰师祖
莎草纸消亡以后,制作莎草纸的技术也因缺乏记载而失传。后来跟随拿破仑远征埃及的法国学者虽然收集到古埃及莎草纸的实物,也没能复原其制造方法。直到1962年,埃及工程师哈桑拉贾(Hassan Ragab)利用1872年从法国引种回埃及的纸莎草,重新发明了制作莎草纸的技术。
三个都不沾,这玩意只有埃及能产,别的国家都学不会。现代的莎草纸是1960年代才复原成功,而且不清楚是不是跟古代工业相同。现在的发现只限于埃及,
Papyrus had the advantage of being relatively cheap and easy to produce, but it was fragile and susceptible to both moisture and excessive dryness. Unless the papyrus was of perfect quality, the writing surface was irregular, and the range of media that could be used was also limited.[citation needed]
Papyrus was gradually overtaken in Europe by a rival writing surface that rose in prominence known as parchment, which was made from animal skins. By the beginning of the fourth century A.D., the most important books began to be manufactured in parchment, and works worth preserving were transferred from papyrus to parchment.[9] Parchment had significant advantages over papyrus, including higher durability in moist climates and being more conducive to writing on both sides of the surface.[9] The main advantage of papyrus had been its cheaper raw material — the papyrus plant is easy to cultivate in a suitable climate and produces more writing material than animal hides (the most expensive books, made from foetal vellum would take up to dozens of bovine fetuses to produce). However, as trade networks declined, the availability of papyrus outside the range of the papyrus plant became limited and it thus lost its cost advantage.
Papyrus' last appearance in the Merovingian chancery was with a document from 692 A.D.,
地中海地区莎草纸被羊皮取代,因为耐久性太差。
哪里浩如烟海?现在发现的莎草纸基本都是19世纪末以后才发现的。